The Hessian Jägerkorps in New York and Pennsylvania,
In December , British Colonel William Faucitt and Hessian minister Martin Ernst von Schlieffen drafted a treaty promising the Hessian Landgraf Friedrich II a large sum of money in return for soldiers.[1] The British had spent the fall of offering subsidies to German states of the Holy Roman Empire they were allied with in return for manpower.[2] The Germans who “were used to being sent outside their own country to server under foreign flags” were happy to oblige.[3] Many Germans were eager to fight in America.[4] When the treaties were finished and the call to arms went out across the German states, many men, especially from the State of Hessen-Kassel, volunteered. Those already conscripted did not complain much when they received word of their expedition to the colonies.[5] This is because the Germans had an “unfriendly disposition toward a people who rebelled against their rightful king,” and were perfectly content with getting paid to fight such an enemy.[6]
The treaty with the German state of Hessen-Kassel was signed on January 15, , and promised 12, men to the service of King George III of England.[7]Hessen-Kassel prov
Johann Ewald
Johann Ewald was a captain of the Hessian jager corps attached to the Leib Regiment, leading the 2nd Company under Colonel Carl von Donop for the first two years of his service in North America during the Revolutionary War. Born in the Hesse-Kassel region of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) in , he arrived in New York City in October and saw action at the Battle of White Plains. In December, he was attached to Donop’s forces as they bivouacked in various towns south of Trenton, New Jersey. He participated in several engagements here, including the Battle for Mount Holly. In the spring of , Ewald was instrumental in the planning of the assault to take the American garrison at Bound Brook, New Jersey on April This failed attack nearly saw the capture of American Major General Benjamin Lincoln. In October , Ewald was part of the failed attack on Fort Mercer at the Battle of Red Bank that killed his commander, Col. Donop.
Ewald served around New York City in before being dispatched to aid in the siege and capture of Charleston, South Carolina, in May He returned to New York where he was soon attached to the Virginia expedition led by newly turned and commissioned
The Engagement at Woodlane: Precursor to the Battle of Iron Works Hill, a Key to the American Victory at Trenton
Their feet were leaving noticeable imprints in the grassy field. It was another two hundred yards to the hedgerow, and then a steep climb up the narrow footpath that snaked around the rising slope of hill in front of them. If they could make it without injury, perhaps there was a chance to dig in and make a stand against the coming enemy forces. And come they did. Two large columns of marching soldiers, one dressed in bright blue coats trimmed with red and tall brass-fronted caps, and another clad in red coats and diced highland bonnets. The spot of about a half dozen houses where two county roads intersected had provided a point of interest where both armies could mark their positions. The mixed units of Virginian continentals and Gloucester County militiamen were now on the hill, known as the mount, in Mount Holly, New Jersey. They numbered only a few hundred. Their eyes fixed on the 2, Hessian grenadiers, jaegers, and Scots highlanders who wanted one thing: the town behind the outnumbered American force. It was December 23, , and the American cause had reached its
Johann Ewald: Jäger Commander
Johann Ewald began as a commoner in one of the states of the Holy Roman Empire who rose above the constraints of his time. As a soldier he fought in all of the great conflict of the latter eighteenth century, the Seven Years’ War, the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic Wars. He keenly recorded his observations of both the people he met and places he encountered throughout these adventures. Through all of his experiences, he remained a soldiers’ soldier. Due to his observations on the conduct of irregular warfare in his time, he has become on the most important authorities on eighteenth century small-unit tactics. His writings provide a unique insight on the major events of the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Johann von Ewald stood as one of the most accomplished practitioners of irregular warfare in the eighteenth century. Beginning his military career in the Seven Years’ War, and continuing through the American War of Independence, he amassed a vast wealth of experience leading troops in the art of irregular warfare or petite guerre. He later wrote several works based on his experiences, and at least one of t
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