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Primary Sources
(1) David Shub was a member of the Social Democratic Party when Peter Stolypin was in power.
Stolypin began to look for an excuse to dissolve the Duma and the Bolsheviks furnished him with one. Lenin insisted that the deputies use their parliamentary immunity to agitate for an armed uprising.
Years later it was discovered that these secret Bolshevik cells were infested with agents of the secret police. By keeping a sharp eye on the Social Democratic deputies, these stool pigeons were able to frame the deputies on the charges of inciting rebellion, thus giving Stolypin his excuse.
(2) Shornikova, was one of the secret agents planted by Stolypin and the Okhrana in the Social Democratic Party.
I met every member of the Central Committee then in St Petersburg, and all the members of the military organization; I knew all the secret meeting places and passwords of the revolutionary army cells throughout Russia. I kept the archives of the revolutionary organization in the Army; I was present at all the district meetings, propaganda rallies, and party conferences; I was always in the know. All the information I gathered was conscientiously
Peter Stolypin was the driving force behind reform after
- In April , the tsar appointed Stolypin Minister of the Interior.
- In July , Stolypin replaced Goremkyn as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (chief minister in Russia).
Continued instability and the socialist threat in Russia
- The Socialist Revolutionary Combat Organisation assassinated and killed political figures like Sergei Alexandrovich, the tsar's uncle and Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Minister of the Interior.
- Paul Avrich estimates that 4, government workers were murdered by socialist organisations in and
- Stolypin asked the tsar to create a reserve cabinet in case ministers were killed.
- Stolypin survived a bombing attack on him in August He announced a state of emergency and introduced martial law.
- Field courts-martial (special courts) were used to deal with these socialist terrorists. Roughly 4, of them were executed within 1 year. They faced secret trials immediately after being captured and were sometimes executed the next day.
'Stolypin's necktie'
- The executioner's noose was known as 'Stolypin's nec
P. A. Stolypin
This is the first comprehensive biography in any language of Russia’s leading statesman in the period following the Revolution of Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs from to (when he was assassinated), P. A. Stolypin aroused deep passions among his contemporaries as well as subsequent historians.
In the twilight of Nicholas II’s reign he was virtually the only man who seemed to have a clear notion of how to reform the socioeconomic and political system of the empire. His efforts in that direction—in agriculture, local administration, religious freedom, social legislation, the legal system—were radically new departures for the Russian state. His detractors disdained him as a power-hungry, coldhearted politician who was unscrupulous in pursuing his own career and would use any means to restore the tsarist autocracy following the frightening turbulence of Stolypin’s admirers, however, argued that he was a man of vision who pursued policies that would have transformed the country into a modern state with social and political institutions comparable to those of the West.
Lenin’s celebrated denunciation of Stolypin as “hangman-in-chief” set the tone for
Attempts to strengthen Tsarism, Reforms of Stolypin
Why was reform introduced?
Stolypin wanted to reform agriculture in order to modernise Russia and make it more competitive with other European powers.
He hoped that reorganising the land would increase support for the Tsar among unskilled farmhands. This would reduce the threat of the Social Revolutionaries. Stolypin believed the key to success was to increase the number of peasant landowners, which would result in a more invested peasantry.
Redemption Payments (loans from the state) were abolished. Loans for peasants to buy land became available with the introduction of Peasants' Land Banks.
Mirs (communities of peasant farmers) could no longer stop individuals from leaving to buy private land. Mirs that did not cooperate were to be dissolved. Peasants were also given financial incentives to move to remote areas of Siberia in an attempt to open up the countryside.
What were the results of agrarian reform?
Agricultural output increased by a third, while peasant land ownership increased by 30 per cent. The number of Kadets increased dramatically and they were increasingly supportive of the Tsar.
It
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